Offender profiling: the top-down approach, including organised and disorganised types of offender; the bottom-up approach, including investigative Psychology; geographical profiling

Biological explanations of offending behaviour: an historical approach (atavistic form); genetics and neural explanations

Psychological explanations of offending behaviour:Cognitive explanations; level of moral reasoning and cognitive distortions, including hostile attribution bias and minimalisation

Psychological explanations of offending behaviour: differential association theory;