Gender and culture in Psychology: universality and bias. Gender bias includes androcentrism and alpha and beta bias; cultural bias includes ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

Culture in Psychology: Cultural bias includes ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

Free will and determinism: hard and soft determinism; biological, environmental and psychic determinism. The scientific emphasis on causal explanations

The nature-nurture debate: the relative importance of heredity and environment in determining behaviour; the interactionist approach

Holism and reductionism: levels of explanation in Psychology. Biological reductionism and environmental (stimulus-response) reductionism

Idiographic and nomothetic approaches to psychological investigation

Ethical implications of research studies and theory, including reference to social sensitivity.